Article’s

Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors have emerged as a transformative technology for real-time detection of biomolecules, offering superior stability, cost-effectiveness, and operational simplicity compared to traditional enzymatic sensors. This comprehensive review examines the latest research techniques (2023–2025) in developing non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors, with emphasis on advanced nanomaterial strategies, fabrication methodologies, and signal transduction mechanisms. Recent innovations include transition metal oxide nanocomposites, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and hybrid nanostructures that demonstrate exceptional electrocatalytic activity. State-of-the-art sensors achieve detection limits in the picomolar to micromolar range with sensitivities exceeding 10,000 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻² for glucose detection. This paper systematically analyzes electrode materials, synthesis techniques, performance metrics, and emerging challenges in translating laboratory prototypes to clinical and point-of-care applications. The review provides critical insights into structure-performance relationships and identifies future research directions for next-generation non-enzymatic sensors.