Author(s) :

Aakifa Maryam.

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

Bio-nano hybrids, which integrate biological components with engineered nanomaterials, have gained considerable attention for their potential in environmental remediation. These hybrid systems harness the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles alongside the biological specificity and adaptability of microorganisms, enzymes, or biomolecules, thus enhancing pollutant degradation, sequestration, and detoxification processes. Their applications span wastewater treatment, soil remediation, and pathogen control, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical treatments. However, despite these promising applications, bio-nano hybrids pose complex ecological risks due to their multifaceted interactions with natural ecosystems. The dual nature of these materials necessitates comprehensive understanding of their environmental fate, toxicity mechanisms, and long-term impacts. This review critically evaluates the remediation capabilities of bio-nano hybrids and examines their ecological risks, highlighting recent advances, knowledge gaps, and future perspectives. Emphasis is placed on safe-by-design approaches, regulatory challenges, and the imperative for interdisciplinary research to optimize benefits while minimizing unintended consequences.

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