Author(s) :

Nancy Rohilla.

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

The evolution of the police system in India traces a profound transformation from informal communitybased models of security in ancient times to a centralized bureaucratic structure under British rule and the continued legacy of that model in independent India. Ancient Indian scriptures and epics like Manusmriti and Arthashastra reveal that structured policing and crime categorization existed as early as the Vedic and Mauryan periods. Medieval India saw a fusion of military and administrative functions in policing, especially during the Mughal and Maratha regimes. However, modern institutionalization began during the British era with the Police Act of 1861, which created a centralized, hierarchical, and often repressive force. Although several commissions and reforms have followed since independence, the colonial ethos and structure largely remain intact. This historical overview underscores the need for comprehensive police reform aligned with democratic ideals and public accountability in India.

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