| 1 |
Author(s):
Shinde Dhanashri Pruthviraj.
Page No : 1-2
|
Android-based Parent-child safety and location Monitoring system
Abstract
In the present digital age, smartphones and internet technologies have become an integral part of children’s daily lives. Children use mobile devices for online education, entertainment, gaming, communication, and social networking. While technology has created numerous opportunities for learning and development, it has also introduced several risks such as cyberbullying, online harassment, exposure to inappropriate content, digital addiction, identity theft, and physical safety threats. Parents are increasingly concerned about their children’s safety in both online and offline environments.
| 2 |
Author(s):
KRUTHIKA A N.
Page No : 1-3
|
A STUDY ON INVESTORS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS DIGITAL CURRENCY AS AN INVESTMENT OPTION
Abstract
A study on investors’ attitudes towards digital currency as an investment option has been undertaken to understand how investors perceive and respond to this emerging form of investment. Digital currency has gained significant attention due to the rapid growth of cryptocurrencies and the increasing interest in central bank digital currencies. Despite its growing popularity, investors’ attitude towards digital currency remains mixed because of factors such as high price volatility, regulatory uncertainty, security concerns, and technological complexity.
The present study is descriptive in nature and is based entirely on secondary data collected from published research articles, journals, reports, and official websites. The study focuses on key factors influencing investors’ attitude, including awareness, perceived risk, technological familiarity, and social influence. The analysis of existing literature indicates that while digital currency attracts investors due to its high return potential and technological innovation, concerns related to risk and lack of clear regulatory frameworks continue to affect investment decisions. The study highlights the importance of investor awareness and regulatory clarity in improving investor confidence and encouraging the responsible adoption of digital currency as an investment option.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Ms . Pranita Kanadkhedkar, Ms . Shruti Kokadwar, Ms .Nita Lohar, Ms . Shruti Puyed .
Page No : 1-3
|
AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT USING Ldr
Abstract
Street lighting constitutes an essential part of urban infrastructure, offering safety, visibility,
and security during night hours. Traditional street lights, however, consume energy
continuously without regard to actual necessity, resulting in high operational costs and
inefficient power utilization. This paper presents the design and implementation of an
Automatic Street Light Control System using Light Dependent Resistors (LDR), Infrared (IR)
sensors, and a microcontroller (Arduino/ATmega328P). The system detects ambient light
levels and vehicle presence to optimize energy consumption. Experimental results
demonstrate up to 40–60% energy savings compared with conventional systems. The
proposed system is cost-effective, scalable, and easily adaptable to real-world
applications.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Dr. Sajesh Kumar C P.
Page No : 1-3
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Supply Chain-Performance Management Integration in Total Facilities Operation & Maintenance
Abstract
Total Facilities Management (TFM) organizations increasingly depend on end-to-end supply chains and data-rich performance systems to deliver reliable, safe, and sustainable operations. This conceptual manuscript proposes an integrated framework—TFM-SCPA (Supply Chain–Performance Alignment) that links strategic intent, supply-chain design, and KPI governance across strategic, tactical, and operational levels. Building on industry practice from India, the GCC, and Western markets, and reflecting lessons from COVID-19 disruptions, the paper articulates a KPI architecture, a resilience toolkit, and a pragmatic 12-month implementation roadmap. It was developed with testable propositions for future empirical research and provide a managerial playbook for O&M leaders seeking measurable, auditable value creation in availability, lifecycle cost, user experience, and sustainability.
Keywords: Facilities Management; O&M; KPIs; Balanced Scorecard; Supply Chain; Resilience; GCC; Saudi Arabia; ISO 41001; Asset Management
| 5 |
Author(s):
Sharon J Cherusseril .
Page No : 1-3
|
Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in India
Abstract
This paper examines the financial performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in India using secondary data from peer-reviewed journals, industry reports, and regulatory publications. It analyses growth trajectories, profitability, portfolio quality, operational efficiency, funding sources, and risk factors shaping MFI sustainability. The study spans the recent decade (2015–2025), focusing on key performance indicators such as Gross Loan Portfolio (GLP), Portfolio-at-Risk (PAR), Return on Assets (ROA), Operational Self-Sufficiency (OSS), and cost per borrower. Policy implications and recommendations for stakeholders are provided.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Sivasangari G.
Page No : 1-4
|
Secure Tamper-Resistant chat Application using Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA)
Abstract
Chat applications are widely used in personal, academic, and professional communication, but many existing systems lack proper security mechanisms to protect message from tampering, fake sender identities, and replay attacks. Messages can be altered during transmission, leading to serious security risks and misinformation. To address these issues, this paper presents a Secure Tamper-Resistant Chat Application developed using Java and Digital Signature Algorithms. In the proposed system, each message is digitally signed by the sender and verified by the receiver to ensure both message integrity and sender authenticity. Any modified or forged message is automatically rejected, ensuring secure and reliable communication through a client-server architecture.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Sudharsan K M.
Page No : 1-4
|
A Survey on Secure QR Code Document Locker
Abstract
With the rapid growth of digital transformation, the storage and sharing of sensitive documents have become a major security concern. Traditional document-sharing methods are vulnerable to unauthorized access, data leakage, and misuse. To overcome these challenges, secure document locker systems integrated with QR code technology have gained significant attention. QR codes provide fast and contactless access, while encryption techniques ensure data confidentiality and integrity. This survey paper reviews various research works related to secure QR code–based document locker systems. It analyzes different security mechanisms, authentication techniques, encryption methods, and access control models used in existing systems. A comparative study is presented to highlight the advantages and limitations of each approach. Finally, the paper identifies research gaps and discusses future directions for improving the security and efficiency of QR code–based document storage systems.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Sanasam Sandhya Devi.
Page No : 1-4
|
THE EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON FIRM PERFORMANCE WITH REFERENCE TO SELECTED COMAPANIES IN BSE
Abstract
By conducting an in-depth analysis of three selected businesses that are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), this research project examines the interactive relationship between capital structure and business performance. The objective of this ten-year research project, which spans from 2015 to 2024, is to provide insight into the impact of the capital structure decisions made by these businesses on their overall business performance. By employing a methodology of mixed approaches, the research combines qualitative assessments of management decisions, market trends, and macroeconomic factors with quantitative analysis of financial reports and key performance indicators. Financial ratios such as return on assets and debt-to-equity ratio are analyzed to determine the impact of capital structure decisions on the firm. The findings of this research contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the relationship between capital structure and the performance of a company.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Priya Poudyal.
Page No : 1-4
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Students’ Investment Analysis and Awareness about the Commodity Market in Bengaluru Urban
Abstract
The commodity market forms a vital component of the financial system by enabling price discovery, risk management, and efficient allocation of resources across the economy. With increasing financial innovation, digital trading platforms, and easy access to market-related information, students today represent an emerging category of potential investors. Despite this growing exposure, awareness and participation of students in commodity markets remain relatively low when compared to traditional investment avenues such as bank deposits, gold, mutual funds, and equity markets.
| 10 |
Author(s):
S PREM KUMAR.
Page No : 1-5
|
The Study on The Impact of Financial Literacy and Record Keeping on Investment Readiness in Rural Farmers: A Secondary Data Analysis
Abstract
This study on the impact of financial literacy and record-keeping practices on investment readiness among rural farmers using secondary data sources. Rural farmers often face financial constraints, limited access to institutional finance, and inadequate financial management skills, which affect their ability to make informed investment decisions. Drawing on data from government reports, surveys of national records, research articles, and institutional publications, this study analyses existing evidence on financial literacy levels, record-keeping behaviour, and investment preparedness among rural farming communities in India. The findings indicate that low financial literacy and poor record-keeping practices remain major problem to investment readiness. Studies consistently show that farmers with higher financial awareness and systematic record keeping demonstrate better access to credit, improved financial planning, and greater adoption of agricultural technologies, even had great profit. The study highlights the need for policy-driven financial education and standardized record-keeping frameworks to strengthen investment readiness and promote sustainable rural development.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Stephie George .
Page No : 1-5
|
Consumer Behaviour and Purchase Decisions in India’s Online Education Market: A Case Study of Eduinx Pvt. Ltd.
Abstract
The rapid digital transformation of India’s education landscape has given rise to a thriving online learning ecosystem dominated by EdTech platforms. This paper examines the dynamics of consumer behaviour and purchase decisions within the Indian online education market, emphasizing psychological, social, and technological factors influencing learners. The study uses Eduinx Pvt. Ltd.—a Bengaluru-based EdTech startup—as a case to explore how pricing, digital marketing, and social proof shape user preferences and course enrolment decisions. A qualitative-quantitative mixed approach was adopted, drawing insights from existing academic literature and survey responses collected from 56 participants. Findings indicate that learner motivations are driven primarily by perceived career benefits, platform credibility, peer recommendations, and flexible learning formats. The research highlights the growing role of personalized content, digital engagement, and affordability in determining consumer loyalty in the competitive EdTech space. Strategic implications for EdTech firms include the need for adaptive marketing, data-driven personalization, and strong trust-building mechanisms.
| 12 |
Author(s):
Marietta Mckenzie.
Page No : 1-5
|
Behavioural and Psychological Determinants of Buy Now, Pay Later Adoption
Abstract
The global financial ecosystem is undergoing a structural shift as Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) transitions from a fintech novelty to a foundational pillar of modern consumer credit. This research paper investigates the behavioural and psychological determinants driving BNPL adoption, synthesizing secondary data and empirical findings from 2018 to 2026. Utilizing theoretical frameworks such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2), the study identifies performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and materialism as critical drivers of adoption. Psychologically, the "illusion of income" generated by Credit Limit Misconception (CLM) and the reduction of the "pain of payment" through instalment framing are found to lower cognitive resistance to spending. Experimental evidence reveals a significant spending uplift (4.39% higher than debit transactions) and an inflated perception of available funds (22.2% higher likelihood of discretionary purchase). The paper further analyses the socio-demographic stratification of users, highlighting the prevalence of BNPL among Generation Z and lower-income cohorts. Finally, it explores the regulatory response, specifically India's Reserve Bank of India (RBI) 2025 Directions, which aim to stabilize the sector through mandatory disclosures and localized credit rails like UPI. The findings suggest that while BNPL democratizes access to short-term credit, its reliance on behavioural nudges necessitates robust consumer protection to mitigate
risks of over-indebtedness and post-purchase regret.
Key Words: Technology Acceptance Model, Illusion Of Income, Pain of Payment, Credit Limit Misconception, Unified Theory Of Acceptance, Use of Technology
| 13 |
Author(s):
JIMMY GEORGE.
Page No : 1-5
|
“A Study on the Performance of Indian Startups in the Financial Services Sector”
Abstract
The Indian financial services sector has witnessed a profound transformation over the last decade, driven largely by the emergence and rapid expansion of startups leveraging digital technologies. From mobile payments and peer-to-peer lending to digital insurance and wealth management platforms, financial technology (FinTech) startups have reshaped how financial services are produced, delivered, and consumed in India. This research paper examines the performance of Indian startups operating in the financial services sector using secondary data sources such as industry reports, regulatory publications, company disclosures, and academic literature. The study analyses growth trends, financial performance indicators, funding patterns, innovation outcomes, and market penetration levels of selected FinTech startups. It also explores the role of regulatory support, digital infrastructure, and consumer adoption in shaping startup performance. The findings reveal that Indian financial services startups have demonstrated strong growth and innovation capabilities, though challenges such as profitability, regulatory compliance, and market competition continue to influence long-term sustainability. The study contributes to the existing literature by offering a comprehensive sector-level assessment of startup performance in India’s evolving financial ecosystem.
| 14 |
Author(s):
Vishvawasu.V.Pendalwar.
Page No : 1-6
|
Smart Water Quality Monitoring and Contamination Detection System
Abstract
Access to clean and safe drinking water is a fundamental necessity, yet contamination from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and inadequate treatment facilities poses significant health risks globally. Traditional water quality monitoring methods are often manual, time-consuming, and lack real-time alerting capabilities. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an IoT-based automated water quality monitoring system that integrates turbidity sensing for contamination detection and ultrasonic sensing for continuous water level measurement. The system employs an Arduino Nano microcontroller to process turbidity data measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) and displays water quality status along with tank level information on a 16x2 LCD screen. An audible alarm activates when contamination exceeds safe thresholds, providing immediate alerts. By replacing conventional IR sensors with ultrasonic distance measurement, the system achieves non-contact, accurate, and maintenance-free level detection suitable for various tank configurations. This cost-effective, scalable, and user-friendly solution is ideal for residential water tanks, community water supplies, and small-scale purification plants.
Keywords: Water Quality Monitoring, Turbidity Sensor, Ultrasonic Sensor, Arduino Nano, IoT, NTU Measurement, Contamination Detection, LCD Display.
| 15 |
Author(s):
millo hakhe.
Page No : 1-6
|
Material culture and Buddhist Monasticism in the Trans-Himalayan Context: A Study of Tawang Monastery
Abstract
Buddhist monasteries have historically functioned as centres of religious practice, learning, and cultural transmission. Although Buddhism declined in India from the Gupta period onward and appeared nearly extinguished by the twelfth century, it survived and flourished across Asia through regional adaptation. One such enduring manifestation is found in the Himalayan region of Arunachal Pradesh, where Tawang Monastery represents a continuous and living Buddhist institutio. This paper examines Tawang Monastery within the broader trans-Himalayan Buddhist tradition, situating it historically and culturally through textual sources and material-cultural analysis. It explores the evolution and meaning of Buddhist monastic institutions and provides a geographical and ethnographic context of the Tawang region. Particular attention is given to the monastery’s architecture, ritual spaces, prayer wheels, chorten, frescoes, and sacred objects to demonstrate how material culture functions as an integral component of monastic life. The study argues that Tawang Monastery is not merely a heritage site but a dynamic institution in which belief, ritual practice, and material forms operate as an interconnected system. Despite modern transformations, the monastery continues to preserve Buddhist doctrine, sustain community identity, and embody cultural continuity in the Himalayan context.
| 16 |
Author(s):
Rupesh Chandrasen Londhe.
Page No : 1-6
|
Operationalizing Innovation in Indian Higher Education: Comparative Insights from Global Models
Abstract
This paper examines the implementation of the Institution’s Innovation Council (IIC) and the National Innovation and Startup Policy (NISP) in Indian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), situating them within global innovation and entrepreneurship development frameworks. Drawing on design thinking literature (Brown, 2009; Liedtka & Ogilvie, 2011; Kumar, 2019; IDEO.org, 2020; Razzouk & Shute, 2012; OECD, 2022, 2023) and policy reports (NEP 2020, NITI Aayog 2023, Startup India 2024), the study highlights how Indian HEIs are evolving into innovation-driven ecosystems. Comparative analysis with models from the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Finland, Singapore, and China reveals convergences and divergences in institutional innovation strategies. A hierarchical regression model is proposed to empirically assess the impact of IIC and NISP implementation on measurable outcomes such as patents, startups, and incubation activities.
| 17 |
Author(s):
Shri Shamyuktha M.
Page No : 1-6
|
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF BODY LOTION USING SENNA ALATA LEAF EXTRACT
Abstract
Bacterial and fungal skin infections are some of the most prevalent dermatological conditions globally, especially in tropical and humid regions. Ringworm, candidiasis, dermatitis, and secondary bacterial infections not only impact the skin but also the quality of life of patients. Although synthetic antimicrobial agents are widely used in the treatment of these infections, their long-term use is often linked to side effects, skin irritation, and the development of microbial resistance. This has led to a growing interest in plant-based topical preparations that are safe, inexpensive, and effective. Senna alata, a medicinal plant used in the traditional management of fungal skin infections, has recently gained scientific attention owing to its high phytochemical content and established antimicrobial properties. The leaves of Senna alata are rich in a number of bioactive compounds such as anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolic compounds, and sterols. These compounds are responsible for its antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The use of the leaf extract in a body lotion formulation offers a convenient and patient-friendly approach to topical therapy. A properly formulated lotion ensures a uniform distribution of the extract, enhanced skin absorption, ease of application, and improved therapeutic compliance. The formulation process involves careful consideration of the extraction techniques, emulsifying agents, stabilizers, preservatives, and humectants to ensure product stability and efficacy. The formulated lotion is evaluated for physicochemical properties such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, and stability under various storage conditions. Antimicrobial activity is also determined using agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays to confirm its efficacy against selected bacterial and fungal strains. Microbial limit tests and skin irritation studies are also important safety evaluations to ensure that the product is safe for human use. In conclusion, the development of a body lotion formulation containing Senna alata leaf extract offers a promising herbal approach to the management of bacterial and fungal skin infections. With proper standardization and quality control, such preparations may offer an effective natural alternative in dermatological and cosmeceutical practices
| 18 |
Author(s):
Millo Hakhe.
Page No : 1-6
|
From Monastery to Household: Material and Ritual Continuities among the Monpas of Tawang
Abstract
Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh stands as a vital center of Tibetan Buddhism, influencing both monastic and domestic life among the Monpa community. While prior studies have emphasized its history and architecture, the material culture of the monastery and its integration into everyday religious practice remain underexplored. This study adopts an object-centered approach to examine sacred artifacts from the museum, monastery, and local households, focusing on metallic and non-metallic objects such as butter lamps, prayer bells, offering vessels, and ritual flags. Field surveys reveal that household objects often replicate monastic prototypes, reflecting the monastery’s enduring influence on domestic religious practice. Although some objects are of recent manufacture, their forms, functions, and symbolic meanings maintain continuity with centuries-old ritual traditions. The study demonstrates that material culture functions as a living medium, mediating faith, cultural identity, and communal memory. By foregrounding the role of sacred objects, this research provides a nuanced understanding of Tawang Monastery as a dynamic institution where ritual, art, and everyday life intersect. It underscores the significance of material culture in sustaining Tibetan Buddhist practices and preserving cultural continuity in Northeast India.
| 19 |
Author(s):
Nithin Jacob Thampan, Dr. Sakthivel R.
Page No : 1-7
|
A Study on Tax Compliance Trends among Indian Corporates
Abstract
Tax compliance remains one of the most critical determinants of a country’s fiscal health. In India, corporate tax compliance forms the backbone of government revenue and economic transparency. This study examines the evolving trends in tax compliance among Indian corporates using secondary data from official reports, industry analyses, and government publications. The research explores the historical background, regulatory reforms, determinants influencing compliance behavior, and the impact of digitalization on corporate taxation. Findings reveal a steady improvement in compliance rates, largely driven by policy reforms such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST), the introduction of faceless assessment, and technological integration by the Income Tax Department. However, disparities persist between large corporations and SMEs, revealing structural and behavioral gaps in compliance. The paper concludes with policy recommendations and future research directions.
| 20 |
Author(s):
Aromah Jeso J.
Page No : 1-7
|
Harnessing the termite gut microbiome for the bioconversion of coconut husk into green biosurfactants: a review with experimental insights
Abstract
This research aims to find sustainable and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic surfactants in the wake of increasing environmental concerns. It focuses on microbial surfactants for their low toxicity, biodegradability, and ability to withstand harsh conditions, but points out the current economic limitations for their production due to the cost of substrates and inefficient bioprocessing. Coconut husk, a low-cost agricultural waste lignocellulosic substrate, is suggested, but its high lignin composition makes it difficult to degrade by microbes. Termites, with their gut microbiota that functions as an anaerobic bioreactor with high concentrations of lignocellulose-degrading microbes, are investigated. The objective is to isolate and identify termite gut lignocellulose degraders and determine their potential for the bioconversion of coconut husk into a green biosurfactant. The research will determine enzymatic activity, substrate consumption, and biosurfactant production using established qualitative and quantitative approaches. This termite-mediated bioconversion process may help push the frontiers of green waste biorefinery and biosurfactant manufacturing in the context of green biotechnology and circular economy strategies.
Key Words: Termite gut microbiome, Coconut husk, Lignocellulose bioconversion, Biosurfactants, Green biotechnology, Microbial consortia.
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 Environmental Concerns and the Need for Sustainable Biosurfactants
Surfactants are critical components in a wide range of industrial applications, such as detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food processing, petroleum extraction, agriculture, and environmental clean-up. The ability of surfactants to reduce surface and interfacial tension is fundamental to emulsification, dispersion, wetting, and solubilization. Currently, the surfactant market is mainly saturated with chemically synthesized surfactants that are mainly produced from petrochemical raw materials. Although these synthetic surfactants are cost-effective and highly efficient, their large-scale application has raised serious concerns about their environmental and health impacts. Most traditional surfactants have been found to be only partially biodegradable, resistant to degradation in aquatic and terrestrial environments, and acutely and chronically toxic to non-target organisms. The persistence of surfactant residues in aquatic
| 21 |
Author(s):
Abinaya M.
Page No : 1-7
|
HAIR SERUM FOR SCALP INFECTION AND HAIRFALL REDUCTION USING BHRINGRAJ AND LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS
Abstract
Scalp infections and hair fall are common dermatological problems often associated with microbial imbalance, inflammation, and weakened hair follicles. Herbal and probiotic-based formulations are gaining attention as safer and effective alternatives to synthetic treatments. The present study focuses on the development and evaluation of a novel hair ‘serum formulated using Bhringraj (Eclipta alba) extract and Lactobacillus acidophilus, aimed at controlling scalp infections and reducing hair fall. Bhringraj is traditionally known for its hair growth–promoting, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, primarily attributed to bioactive compounds such as wedelolactone and flavonoids. Lactobacillus acidophilus, a beneficial probiotic, contributes to scalp health by inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms, restoring microbial balance, and reducing inflammation through bioactive metabolites or lysates. The formulated serum is designed to act synergistically by improving scalp microbiome stability, preventing fungal and bacterial infections, strengthening hair follicles, and promoting healthy hair growth. Physicochemical characteristics, antimicrobial efficacy, and in-vitro hair-related bioassays are considered to evaluate the formulation’s effectiveness. This study highlights the potential of combining herbal extracts with probiotics in cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications, offering a natural, safe, and innovative approach for managing scalp infections and hair fall.
| 22 |
Author(s):
millo hakhe.
Page No : 1-9
|
Rituals, Objects, and Monastic Life: The Living Archaeology of Tawang Monastery
Abstract
Arunachal Pradesh remains archaeologically underexplored due to rugged terrain, heavy rainfall, and limited accessibility, yet surveys since the 1970s have revealed prehistoric tools, Neolithic sites, and Buddhist monastic structures. This study examines Tawang Monastery as a living institution of the Monpa community, using an object-centred ethnographic approach grounded in archaeological ethnography and material agency theory. Through non-intrusive observation, documentation, photography, and interviews, ritual and utilitarian objects in monasteries, households, and museums were analysed as active mediators of social relations and cultural continuity. Comparative observations from Urgelling and Sangelling monasteries contextualize the regional monastic network, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary preservation and future research.
| 23 |
Author(s):
Jayaranjini R.
Page No : 1-10
|
ECO-FRIENDLY CULTURE MEDIA DEVELOPMENT USING COCONUT SPROUT POWDER
Abstract
Eco-friendly culture media have gained significant attention as sustainable alternatives to conventional synthetic media used in microbiology and biotechnology. The increasing cost of commercial media, environmental concerns, and the need for locally available resources have driven research toward plant-based substrates. Coconut sprout, a natural structure formed during coconut germination, is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and growth-promoting compounds. When processed into powder form, coconut sprout becomes a stable, easily handled raw material suitable for culture media formulation. This review summarises available literature related to coconut-derived media and highlights the potential of coconut sprout powder as an eco-friendly culture medium component. The article discusses the biological nature of the coconut sprout, its nutritional and biochemical composition, powder preparation techniques, and media formulation approaches. Applications in microbial culture and plant tissue culture are reviewed, emphasising sustainability, biodegradability, and cost-effectiveness. Challenges such as nutrient variability, standardisation, and storage stability are also addressed. Overall, coconut sprout powder represents a promising natural resource for developing low-cost and environmentally friendly culture media, particularly in resource-limited laboratories.
| 24 |
Author(s):
Dr P. Suneel.
Page No : 1-11
|
Indexing in Information Retrieval: Concept, Evolution, Process, and the Balance Between Recall and Precision
Abstract
Indexing is the core process that enables effective Information Retrieval (IR) by transforming raw documents into structured, searchable representations. The quality of an IR system is largely determined by how well indexing captures the conceptual content of documents and supports efficient access to relevant information. This work presents an overview of indexing as both a theoretical concept and a practical mechanism, examining its definition, objectives, historical evolution, and role in modern information systems. It traces the progression from early manual cataloguing practices and hierarchical classification systems, such as the Dewey Decimal Classification, to computerized indexing milestones including MARC and early online retrieval systems. The shift toward total document indexing in the 1990s, driven by reduced computing costs and the availability of full-text digital documents, marked a significant transformation in retrieval practices. The study highlights the changing role of human indexers, emphasizing concept abstraction and value judgment, while automated systems handle large-scale, exhaustive indexing. Different types of index coverage document files, public index files, and private index files are discussed to illustrate how modern systems balance comprehensive coverage with selective relevance. Finally, the fundamental trade-off between recall and precision is examined, showing how contemporary IR systems integrate automatic and manual indexing approaches to achieve both broad retrieval and high relevance.
